Movement and Positioning in Stroke Patients Essay

Movement and Positioning in Stroke Patients - Essay Example The effects of stroke can be divided into two categories: impairments and disabilities. Impairments are changes in the body structure and function. Disabilities, on the other hand, are limitations in the performance of the activities of daily living. These can be affected not just by the physical effects of the disease, but by psychological and social factors.Impairments and disabilities can worsen with time if no intervention is done. It may lead to further deterioration due to immobility or reduced activity, leading to complications such as thrombus formation, decubitus ulcers, and pulmonary embolism. Patients may also become more dependent on others and have decreased normal social interactions. All of these can have a profound effect on a person’s well-being. Backe, Larsson, and Fridlund (1996) investigated how patients conceived their life situation during the first week after the onset of stroke. They uncovered deep psychological trauma in the patients, wherein they had feelings of unreality, awareness of a changed role in life, feelings of a changed perception of the body, and feelings of being confused. Patients were also found to have a heightened sense of loss of capability and awareness of living in a confined space. Fortunately, some patients also developed an appreciation for the importance of support and encouragement and a will to look for new opportunities after the onset of stroke. One of the important debilitating effects of stroke is immobility. ... It also discusses the role of nurses in the management of stroke patients and in rehabilitation programs. It concludes with learnings from the literature review and critical appraisal and recommendations on how to apply these to nursing practice. The Importance of Movement and Positioning Stroke as a disease process can be progressive. Even though the cerebrovascular event that leads to the neurologic deficits is acute, its sequelae can continue to build on each other, leading to progressive deterioration of the patient. One important example of this is immobility. Due to neurologic deficits, a patient may have difficulty moving. This can lead to development of contractures, muscle atrophy, and nerve palsies (Summers et al., 2009). Current practice advocates early mobility for stroke patients. Summers et al. (2009), in their statements regarding the comprehensive care of the acute stroke patient, recommends that stroke patients may be initially kept on bed rest but should be mobilize d once hemodynamically stable. It has been found that early mobilization reduces the risk of atelectasis, pneumonia, DVT, and pulmonary embolism. Aside from early immobilization, a longer term rehabilitation program has also been found to be effective in stroke patients. Ernst (1990) reviewed the literature on rehabilitation and physiotherapy among stroke patients and found that it was associated with improvement in functional status and lower incidence of secondary complications such as pneumonia and ulcers. Furthermore, Gordon et al. (2004) found in their review of literature that aerobic exercise can enable activities of daily living to be performed

The Perfect Pizzeria Essay Example for Free

The Perfect Pizzeria Essay Please answer the following questions applying OB concepts and theories as appropriate. While the case primarily focuses on motivational approaches, you find that other OB concepts that we have covered are applicable. 1. Consider the situation where the manager changed the time period required to receive free food and drink from six to twelve hours of work. Apply the appropriate motivational approaches (theories) to explain what happened. 2. For the situation in which the manager worked beside the employees for a time and then later returned to his ofï ¬ ce, which motivational and/or learning approaches (you may refer to previous chapters) can be applied to explain what happened? 3. Establish and justify a motivational program based on one or a combination of motivation theories to more effectively deal with the situation as it exists at the end of the case.

Problems Faced By Chinese Students

Problems Faced By Chinese Students This current research is titled as Problems faced by Chinese students in learning English language: A case study of S.M. Pei Yuan KAMPAR. This chapter consists of nine sections which is background of the study, statement of problem, purpose of study, significance of study, research question, scope of study, methodology, limitation and definition of key words. Background of the study Learning English language as second language (L2) is a big challenge for second language learners. Students still have problems with grammatical functions most of the time, although they have 11 years of English language exposure. Hence, this study focuses on the first language (L1) grammatical functions that interfere with Chinese learners of English as a second language. In Malaysia, there are numerous learners who have Chinese language as their L1. Most of them have problems in learning English language especially the English grammar. Learners are more or less likely to be influenced either positively or negatively by their first language. According to Hassan (2002), learners L1 background knowledge will affect them in learning English language especially in speaking and writing. As a result, the interference of L1 has become the major problem for Chinese ESL learners in the process of learning English especially in writing. Chinese ESL learners will get interference from their L1 when they write. It is because they will get influence by their L1 grammatical structure. Besides, the differences of syntactic between L1 and L2 also will affect them in writing. A few studies have reported that Chinese ESL learners will use their mother tongue to plan an outline before writing (Cumming, 1989; Jones Tetroe, 1987), transfer the writing context to English language by using their mother tongue (Edelsky, 1982; Friedlander, 1990; Lay, 1982). Second language learners will use their mother tongue in such circumstances and the interferences from L1 to L2 can either be positive or negative. Learners L1 will influence In this study, researcher will examines mother tongue influence on Chinese learners 1.2 Statement of Problem To learn English as second language, learners at least have to master four basic skills which are listening, reading, speaking and writing. However, seldom Chinese ESL learners can fully master the skills especially in writing. It is because the L1 interferes of English Language causes grammatical errors in the writing process. According to Nik Safiah (1978), this kind of grammatical error can be obviously found in Chinse ESL learners essay writing. The differences between L1 and L2 grammatical funtions intefere on students English essay writing process. As we know that mastering English Language is not an easy task especially for learners who study in Chinese independent schools. It is because they mostly will get inteferenced from their L1 and affect the way they learn English. As a result, Chinese learners will face difficulty in learning English grammatical functions such as tenses, subject-verb agreement or countable and uncountable nouns. Although Chinese learners have exposed to English language since primary one, the errors still occur. Chinese ESL learner make this kind of grammatical errors because they do not fully utilize the language even though they are able to use it. As the saying goes, practise makes perfect if the learners do not polish their English language even with years of exposure to the language, it will make no different. 1.3 Purpose of Study The purpose of this study is to find out if L1 interference have a significant effect on Chinese ESL learners English essay writing. Besides, this study is also to identify types of errors that Chinese ESL learners commonly make with English grammatical functions in the English essay writing. 1.4 Significance of Study Although learners learn English since the first day enter they school. However, most of them cannot fully master English as their second language. This study can help teachers to understand the problems that learners face when they are learning English. Besides, teachers can identify the influence of learners L1 in learning English and among the errors, they help to correct the grammar. This can help to reduce the inteference of L1 from happening to students learning English. 1.5 Research Questions Based on the problems and purpose mentioned in the earlier sections, this study will focus on two research questions which are: Does L1 interference have a significant effect on Chinese Learners English essay writing? What types of errors do Chinese ESL learners commonly make with English grammatical functions in the English essay writing? 1.6 Scope of Study The aims of this study is to identify the inteference of learners L1 in learning English language. Learner who study in S.M. PEI YUAN (P) KPR would be chosen as participate in the writing test. This study is using purposive sampling because only one class of Chinese ESL learners will be selected as participants. 1.7 Methodology This study will utilize a test to find out why Chinese ESL learners have problems in learning grammar. The learners will be asked to write a short essay. The topic of the essay is My family and learners have to write around 100-120 words each. This test will be distributed to the learners during their classes. Thus, they will take the test seriously and the results of the data collected will be more precise. 1.8 Limitation This study is designed for those whose first language is not English language and have L1 background knowledge. The survey will only be conducted with one class of learners who study in S.M. PEI YUAN (P) KPR. Thus, the result do not represented all Chinese ESL learners. 1.9 Definition of key words Inteference learners make an error in ther L2 which influnced by their L1 (Lott,1983:256).

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Neurobiology of a Disorder or

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Neurobiology of a Disorder or a Difference? Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a phrase that has moved out of the realm of pure science or psychology and into common parlance. Like depression, the public has a general and vague sense of the "type" of person who may have ADHD, and has heard the name Ritalin, the main drug used in treatment, bandied about. As the name of the disorder implies, its symptoms present generally as "inattention and a combination of hyperactive and impulsive behaviors" (2). ADHD has only recently been able to be tangibly identified in the nervous system, and its' diagnostic criteria has continued to be revised. The discovery of specific physiological differences in the brain has enabled scientists to correlate the behavioral symptoms associated with ADHD with specific differences, mutations, or malfunctions in the brain. Though the scientific burden of proof cannot be ignored, the way in which we choose to define these differences as a "disorder" is debatable. Given both the scientific understanding of the sheer size of the nervous system and the more poetic notion of individuality, the neurobiological differences associated with ADHD are difficult to adequately define within the unlimited permutations of human personalities. The current official American criteria for diagnosing the condition of ADHD, according to the DSM-IV, is based on a child presenting at least six symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity, or both, that have persisted for at least six months (3). Additionally, some symptoms must have been present before seven years of age, and some type of social, academic or occupational impairment must result from these symp... ...//www.sciam.com/missing.cfm 3) DSM-IV diagnostic criteria http://www.mentalhealth.com/dis1/p21-ch01.html 4) fabulous paper by Bonnie Craymond linking ADHD and the creative personality http://borntoexplore.org/adhd.htm 5) article from "The Medical Post" by Harvey McConnell http://www.mentalhealth.com/mag1/p5m-add2.html 6) great graphic http://www.sciam.com/missing.cfm 7) pharmacology information on Ritalin http://www.mentalhealth.com/drug/p30-r03.html 8) list of myths and corrections about ADHD http://www.add.org/content/abc/myths.htm 9) article from "Time" by Claudia Wallis http://www.mentalhealth.com/mag1/p51-adhd.html 10)"Scientific American" article by Kristin Leutwyler http://www.mentalhealth.com/mag1/p51-adhd.html 11) part of Barkley article diagramming a psychological model of ADHD http://www.sciam.com/missing.cfm

American Women and Community

Prior to Aug. 26, 1920 women in the United States could not participate in the democratic process. Following the Civil War, American women wanted to have more input into the decisions that would impact their lives. In order for women to gain suffrage groups across the nation had to gather together and create a unified effort for change. The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848, the first formal conference for woman’s suffrage, challenged America to a revolution that would endure for more than seven decades before women actually were granted the right to vote.Convened by Elizabeth Stanton and Lucretia Mott, the conventions aim was to empower women and invoke change through suffrage for women. Since the Civil War women had begun to feel the need to represent themselves and be able to participate in the decision making process which would affect their daily lives. â€Å"The catalyst for this gathering was the World Anti-Slavery Convention held in 1840 in London and attended by an Ame rican delegation which included a number of women. In attendance were Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who were forced to sit in ther galleries as observers because they were women.This poor treatment did not rest well with these women of progressive thoughts, and it was decided that they would hold their own convention to discuss social, civil and religious rights of women, (, 2008,  ¶ 3). † The community of women who gathered in 1848 faced their first challenge in 1869 when the 15th amendment, which extended the right to vote to African-American men, was introduced and passed. â€Å"During the civil war, women’s suffrage was eclipsed by the war effort and movement for the abolition of slavery. While annual conventions were held on a regular basis, there was much discussion but little action.Activists such as slave-born Sojourner Truth, Elizabeth Stanton and Susan B Anthony lectured and petitioned the government for the emancipation of slaves with the belie f that, once the war was over, women and slaves alike would be granted the same rights as white men. At the end of the war, however, the government saw the suffrage of women and that of the Negro as two separate issues and it was decided that the Negro vote could produce the immediate political gain, particularly in the South, that the women’s vote could not, (, 2008,  ¶ 6). †Some women felt that they should support the 15th amendment as a victory which would bring women one step closer to voting. This faction of women’s suffrage supporters believed that after black men gained the right to vote there would be no barriers preventing women from gaining that right as well. Yet another faction felt that they could not endorse the amendment until they had been granted the right themselves. Two groups emerged, the National Woman Suffrage Association and Woman’s Suffrage Association. Both groups worked toward suffrage as well as securing property rights for mar ried women and other institutional changes.Following the Civil War, women’s study groups flourished. These groups gave women access to education and an intellectual forum. By the early twentieth century communication was also more effective and women across the nation had more experiences and were generally better prepared to organize themselves, (Bauer, 1999). However, this was also a quiet time for the suffrage movement. It was not until 1914 when a younger generation of women began to hold street presentations, parades and other activism stunts to gain attention. In 1915 the National Woman’s Party formed and began to campaign against the party in power, (Bauer).At this time women were being arrested for their action and in jail some were mistreated. The mistreatment of women gained much attention creating public sympathy for the suffragists. Although World War I slowed the progression of suffrage by 1919 women the 19th amendment was officially passed. By Aug. 26, 19 20 then President Woodrow Wilson ratified the amendment allowing women to enter the polls for the first time in the United States. References (2008). The History of Women’s Suffrage. History . Retrieved from www. history. com Bauer, H. (1999). The Priviledge for Which We Struggled. Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society Press.

Decision Making Models Essay

Managers have the responsibility of making decisions within that guide and provide direction to their organizations. Although decisions may be made by individuals, groups, or teams, it is the manager who coordinates the process of decision making. Managers make use of various decision making models to effectively steer the organizations. It is worth to noting that there is no one model or style that is always right or perfect in decision making. This is so because different people are successful and satisfied using different styles. There are two major broad models of decision making. These are the deterministic and probalistic models. The deterministic models result in good decisions with good outcomes. The manager using this model is able to get what he/she expects i. e. the out come is risk free. In probabilistic decision models, the expected results are uncertain and thus making good decision may not necessarily lead to good outcomes. The probabilistic decision making model is characterized by more concern with both the outcome value and the amount of risk each decision carries. All other effective decision making models can be classified as either deterministic or probabilistic model. The other subcategories of decision making models are mechanical, mental/verbal, analytical, and simulation. These models are classified based on such characteristics such as types, evolution in time, and availability of information (McCall M. , and Kaplan, R. (2001). ). Mechanical models take physical appearance of the object. They are used to display or test the design of items ranging from new buildings to new products. Mental/verbal models are also important and can be used to verbalize decision strategies for more complicated decision making models. The other model is analytical model which is a mathematical model and aimed at simplification, abstraction of real systems to give insight and understanding to some interested aspect of reality (Klein G. , et al. , (Ed. ) (1993). The analytical models are applicable to the deterministic systems. A simulation model is the last model that I am going to address. Simulation models are the computerized duplications of real systems and are seen to be more realistic, especially when modeling dynamic/probabilistic systems e. g. as used in aviation industry. Current Application Decision making models have assisted managers a lot in making viable decisions within the organization. The models discussed above have been implemented by individuals within organizations to come up with good decisions. For instance, the mental/verbal model has been used to aid in problem identification, in the development phase as well as the selection phase of decision making. Decision support system (DSS) has found usage in air-line management. Decision support systems and the models have been used to make decision both under risk, certainty, and even conflict in organizations. Other applications of the decision making models include the DSS for fiber optic Network Architecture Design and application of technology to cardiovascular diagnosis. Decision making models have also been used in forecasting with examples such as regression models and Box-Jenkins models. In brief, the use of effective decision making models by mangers has helped organizations to improve their businesses as a result of quality decision. The various effective decision making models used by mangers have both benefits and drawbacks or challenges associated with them. Mechanical decision making models have the advantage of being usable for experimentation. Mechanical models are credited for clearly describing the problem of system under study and thus results in innovative designs alternatives for decision making. Mechanical models also have some challenges in that they do not contain explicit relationships between the decision alternatives and dependant variables or objectives Mental/verbal models make the manager unable to experiment with them and cannot be used to show how outcomes or measures of effectiveness change with decision alternatives. It is also not possible to show how the relationships change with the decision alternatives. These models have the advantage of being easy to understand. They are also based on many years of managerial experience (Klein G. , et al. , (Ed. ) (1993). The advantages of analytical models include that they aim at simplification and bring understanding to some interested aspect of reality. They can also help to test the effects of different decision alternatives, constants and parameter values more easily than with any other type of model. They can also analyze complex problems efficiently and concisely, and in many cases provide the cheapest way to analyze these problems. Although they are the most prevalent models in use today they may not be easily accepted by managers who lack training, experience and time to use them. Simulation models have a high degree of abstraction and as such many managers do not want to work with them. The reason of this could be lack of enough training in and exposure to those models. The other reason is that trained managers may lack sufficient time to pay attention to model. Despite these drawbacks the models are beneficial in the sense that in comparison to the mechanical model they can facilitate experimentation because both the independent variables, dependent variables, constants and parameters are explicitly related by language of mathematics.

Writing Tips How to Use Commas and Semicolons

Writing Tips How to Use Commas and Semicolons â€Å"Comma v.  Semicolon? Aaargh!! I’ll just pick one†¦ I figure I have a 50% chance of getting it right.† Does this sound like you? If so, you’ve come to the right place. Let’s raise your average with these writing tips. Did you know you can HEAR the difference? The first thing I like to talk about with commas vs. semicolons is the sound of them. Commas are a pause with an invitation to continue, whereas semicolons are a full stop. You will be able to hear the difference. Read the following sentences aloud, paying attention to the *sound* of the punctuation: [CORRECT] In high school I was certain of my academic strengths; the daughter and younger sister of doctors, I excelled in math and science and dreaded every English course I was ever forced to take. [CORRECT] I took a wide variety of classes, from psychology and sociology to business and criminal justice, hoping to find something, whether it were a class or a specific topic, that captivated my interest. [CORRECT] Addison’s Disease is a chronic adrenal insufficiency that leads to liver failure, kidney failure, effusions, and in some cases, death; I was determined that it would not kill my brother. Can you hear how your inflection goes up with each comma, and down with each semicolon? The upward inflection of the comma makes us think there is something more coming. The sound of a semicolon, on the other hand, is often the same sound that comes along with a period. It is more final. If you didn’t get that the first time around, go ahead and read the sentences above again, until you hear it. Why is it useful to know how a punctuation mark sounds? It allows you to read your sentence aloud and to determine whether you’ve chosen correctly. If you have a semicolon in your sentence but the inflection sounds right going up, you know to switch it to a comma. And vice versa. Also, on a more basic level, if you find yourself pausing and inflecting upward and yet you have no comma there at all, add one! Here’s an example: [INCORRECT] I have learned a lot about myself, and my capabilities throughout my career. See how you want to pause and inflect upward after â€Å"capabilities† because of the comma after â€Å"myself†? Add a comma! [CORRECT] I have learned a lot about myself, and my capabilities, throughout my career. Or just delete the comma after â€Å"myself† and the inflection changes: [CORRECT] I have learned a lot about myself and my capabilities throughout my career. One more example: [INCORRECT] Although, I had many successful closings, there were always a few that were unsuccessful. Why put a comma after â€Å"Although† when you would not pause here when speaking? [CORRECT] Although I had many successful closings, there were always a few that were unsuccessful. I hope this lesson listening for commas v. semicolons was helpful. Category:Grammar Writing TipsBy Brenda BernsteinOctober 24, 2010 8 Comments The Essay Expert says: October 26, 2010 at 8:59 am Thanks for the comment Jackie. Now listen for whether you want a full stop or a pause between Good Stuff and I often struggle. Could these be two sentences standing on their own? If so look at using a semi-colon! Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: October 26, 2010 at 11:42 am Ill work on that Beth! Log in to Reply Eric Nilsson says: June 27, 2012 at 11:40 am Dear Essay Expert, I dont quite agree with the comment that a semi-colon represents a full stop; I see it rather as a long pause. A full stop is a period and, when you think about it, a semi-colon is a combination of a pause and a stop (period on top and comma on bottom). Perhaps, because I love commas, I could be considered a Comma-adore (pronounce the a sound only once). Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: June 27, 2012 at 11:47 am Thanks for your comment Eric. In my mind, the semi-colon, when used to separate what could be two full sentences, is closer to a full stop than to a pause; in a list of long items, the semi-colon inserts a long pause. My opinion: When used to separate two potentially distinct sentences, the semi-colon serves to connect two thoughts so related to each other that a period would serve as too wide of a separation. Log in to Reply Xelor says: March 20, 2019 at 6:05 am Dear Ms. Bernstein, Kudos and thanks for sharing your inflection-based pedagogy for comma and semicolon use. I found myself tutoring a teen for whom the sentence-structure approach learning rules about and how to recognize independent and subordinate clauses, appositives, parenthetical remarks, and coordinating conjunctions was as recondite as quantum mechanics. Moreover, I know well enough how to punctuate and had helped my own kids (all grown now) master a smattering of grammars nuances, I was anxious over the prospect of having to help a child who hadnt fully grasped the basics; thus I Googled for guidance. Using the search term inflective comma, I noticed your site among Googles first few results. It is just what the doctor ordered. I delivered an overview of what commas and semicolons do, telling my charge that if what precedes and follows the punctuation mark he inserted can stand alone as a complete sentence, use a semicolon; otherwise, use a comma. Imperfect guidance, yes, but given where the boy was, it seemed as fitting as any place to start. Next, I had him read this webpage, whereafter I clarified bits about which he inquired. Lastly, after telling him its called punctuation because its the written indicator of changes in a speakers voice, I suggested he simply speak his sentences in his head and listen for the pauses, variances in tone and emphasis, and so on, and simply toss in a comma where his inflection changes. What a difference! The young man, in mere minutes, went from period-only punctuation to near perfect. He was a little comma happy, but, hey, he used them, and, in turn, his voice came through, which, most importantly, means readers can unequivocally discern his meaning. The boys bright, his thoughts coherent, and on the strength of that, hes been a B-student; however, his poor punctuation has kept him from being an A-student. Hes got a graded writing assignment due Friday, so well see what happens and go from there. With any luck, hell soon be ready for em dashes, hyphens and ellipses. Whoo hoo! So, on his behalf and mine, thank you for maintaining this website. It was an inspirational godsend for me and a palpable aid for the young man Im tutoring. As didactic Internet content goes, one cant ask for more. Cheers, Xelor P.S. I dont know how the boy, whos a tenth grader, became a poor punctuator; maybe he skipped class on those days. Who knows? Its obvious, however, that between about the seventh and tenth grades, none of his teachers have acted to correct what is clearly but a mechanical issue, one that, given the boys manifested acumen and critical thinking skill, could long ago have been corrected. Perhaps they felt his earning Bs was good enough to obviate their bothering to intervene? In any case, their omission thus has unquestionably resulted in the boys grades and GPA being lower than he deserves. Who knows what impact that may have on his college prospects? Whatever affect it has, it likely wont be positive, and thats a doggone shame. Log in to Reply Brenda Bernstein says: March 20, 2019 at 6:21 am Thanks so much for sharing this story, Xelor! As a blogger, I never know what impact my writing will have, and I’m so thrilled I helped in this way. Your message was very well punctuated btw! Watch out for affect/effect 😉. Log in to Reply Xelor says: March 20, 2019 at 7:28 am Youre welcome. Im glad, then, that I bothered to share a little anecdote affirming for you that your contribution to the Internet has positively affected at least two people. The affect error is my bad; I didnt carefully proofread my remarks, behavior, or lack thereof, really, thats typical of my postings on the Internet. Failing to proofread results occasionally in my publicly making errors I know better than to make. The affect/effect error is an unusual one for me insofar as Im an old school dude who thinks impact is only a noun and effect is both a noun and verb. FWIW, affect/effect sentence began as I dont know how thatll affect his college acceptance outcomes, but in revising it, I left affect, but I cant say why. Worse, in my mind is the omission of a coordinating conjunction yet would have done nicely in the sentence that begins with moreover. Oh, wellwe all make mistakes, but hopefully not too many. LOL God bless and all the best, Xelor Log in to Reply Brenda Bernstein says: March 20, 2019 at 8:25 am Hi Xelor, I figured there was an explainable oversight here. I am all-too-familiar with errors that come from editing. And I definitely observed that your grammar is meticulous! By the way, I try to keep impact as a noun as well. Log in to Reply

Determination of the optimal level of production Essays

Determination of the optimal level of production Essays Determination of the optimal level of production Essay Determination of the optimal level of production Essay As we can see the determination of the break-even point provides valuable information to management. For instance, by comparing the targeted sales volume with the break-even point management can see the margin of safety of the firm. We have to remember that in the planning stage the forecasted sales revenue and costs are highly uncertain. Sales volume, for example, may drop due to an unforeseen competitors move. Costs may also be affected heavily by general increase in prices due to changes in governmental policy or other related factors.In view of the above management should also seek a sufficient margin of safety that provides reasonable assurance on the going concern of the firm in view of unanticipated changes. Economists extensively emphasize the determination of the optimal level of production. In this respect we will adopt the economist’s approach towards cost-volume profit analysis in determining the optimal level of production rather than the accountant’s approach. A break-even chart for an economist would appear as follows.The total cost and total revenue functions are non-linear. With respect to the total cost function the firm at low volumes of output experiences an increasing marginal cost2. Its effect however diminishes as output rises leading to a decreasing marginal cost. The reason behind the aforesaid effect of costs lies in the range of output covered by the economists approach. Unlike the accounting model, which has been utilised in the section 5. 1. 1, the economist’s model considers a wider range of output levels leading necessary the consideration of changes in factors of production efficiency.The effect on the form of the revenue function depends on the type of market structure the firm is operating in. Under the accounting model as shown in figure 5. 1 a straight line revenue function is the result of a firm operating under perfect competition3, thus being regarded as a price taker4. However, under the economists model in figure 5. 2 we considered imperfect market conditions whose revenue function is disturbed by marketing activities like promotion policies and competitive moves, leading to non-linear total revenue curve.The economic approach relies on the opportunity costs that comprise a normal rate of profit. This normal rate of profit is considered as the point that a firm is required to meet in order to continue operating. The normal rate of profit is shown as break-even point 1 in figure 5. 2. In view of the above, cost-volume profit analysis under the economist approach reveals the output level at which profit maximisation is achieved.At this output level the firm achieves the maximum short-run profits available in the market. Effective management should always try to reach the profit maximisation point in order to utilise the factors of production in the best way possible. In this respect cost-volume profit analysis also helps management to be effective in reaching the optimal activity level. Cost-volume profit analysis can also support management in the calculation of the most appropriate sales mix that leads to profit maximisation.Therefore it helps management to focus at the planning stage on the products that lead to the highest revenue. Let us further illustrate this point with the following hypothetical example: Let us assume that Auto Ltd. is engaged in the manufacturing of three types of cars, standard, off road and sport cars. The management of the company is analysing which are the most profitable products in order to focus their advertising and promotion activities on to meet or if possible even exceed the expected level of sales.The finance director of the firm stated that the business enterprise could afford to spend an additional ? 1,000,000 advertising expenditure during the year. This expenditure can be distributed on the products in accordance to the management discretion. For simplicity we will consider the effect of spending all this additional advertising costs on one product only. A useful tool that can be used in cost-volume profit computations is spreadsheets. Indeed an excel spreadsheet was used to calculate the cost-volume profit analysis both in units and in revenue.

Engineering management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Engineering management - Assignment Example In this regards, the price of a commodity in a competitive market will vary until it reaches a point where the quantity demanded is equals to the quantity supplied. Therefore, other than friendly prices on the market, an increase in income results to an increase in demand. Thus, as incomes increases, people are able to purchase more which means many may opt to purchase the products next month. In this case, increased advertising leads forecast consumers expected utility, which means they become aware of the product, and in the end might buy it. Sales of product and advertising expenditure are intertwined in that decrease advertising will always have a negative influence on the customers purchasing behavior. Therefore, a sales manager needs to invest more in advertising in order to increase the sale of the product. It is rational that if the sales manager has to make maximum sales, they must be in a position to balance between all expenses that he incurs and the volume of production. This will help it keeping the prices and maintaining a competitive advantage over the competitors. d. A manager of an international construction company making an estimate of the risk of civil unrest in a country which was formerly part of the Soviet Union and where the company is considering making investments The manager needs to understand that expanding its operations into other countries especially former Soviet Union ally, a company can face a number of political and economic challenges. One of the political challenges is government interference. Different governments have different levels of business interferences. Such things as business laws and taxing system of a country affect the progress of a company. To deal with this, the business needs to make calculations of all the required payments to the government and determine if it will be profitable

Norms are Informal Rules in Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Norms are Informal Rules in Society - Essay Example The first example is where an individual of high status quo decides to use his bicycle to travel to work despite having a vehicle and the availability of public means of transport, the individual will have behaved against the norms of the society as depicted by the roles and code of behavior associated with his rank and status in the society. The sanctions that the society will impose on such an individual will include the decline in respect and status attached to the individual by his work mates and society. His workmates who have lower prestige jobs in the work place may doubt the individuals capability to be in such a position and this might lead to the loss of the job by the individual because the individual does not act according to the roles attached to him and also he does behave according to the societies norms to maintain his status and prestige according to the role he or she plays in the society. The other example is when an individual may decide to wear two different types or make of shoes, one make on the left foot and the other on the right, those who notice may decide that this is a mere joke but the society may decide to sanction you because of breaking the social norms associated with wearing shoes by trying to embarrass yo

Fate or destiny is it possible to control that which we have no Essay

Fate or destiny is it possible to control that which we have no control of - Essay Example For instance, death and birth are unavoidable. Similarly, there are several other occurrences in life that seem inevitable. Destiny plays an important role in our daily lives. Each and every event in our lives is governed by our destiny. With regards to destiny, we are truly in control of ourselves and we are responsible for our decisions. However, there are some things that are beyond our control, this is what can be regarded as fate. In the larger scheme of things, we feel free as we are human being are able do what they want. If we make the correct decisions in life and act accordingly, no one will prevent us from achieving what we really want. The cultural, divine and psychological forces that can be a hindrance to a person’s destiny but if he or she remains focused he will be able to control his fate. Men struggle and work to attain specific ends, but later realize that there is a power that is beyond their control, which frustrates their efforts. As men age, they accept the power of destiny and its effect on the world around them. Great men such as philosophers and poets also submitted to this power and witnessed as it seemed to favor the favorites and strike its victims. This essay will explore the story by William Faulkner â€Å"Barn Burning† and â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner† by Samuel Coleridge to show that a person is able to control his destiny but has no control over his fate. This power of destiny is represented by the greatest poets including William Faulkner in his work, â€Å"Barn Burning†. Most dramatists often depict heroes as knowledgeable of their destiny and attempting to escape from it. However, by trying to escape from their destiny, a series of consequences result. The consequences bring about their some challenges. Therefore, poets assert that a man cannot avert his or her destiny, whether he knows the destiny or not. Every unconscious or conscious act of the man is one step towards his or her destin y. In the â€Å"Barn Burning†, Abner, is said to â€Å"have an old habit which he had not been permitted to choose for himself† (Faulkner 56). Therefore, this argument can show that a person is not able to change his destiny regardless of the challenges he faces. This clearly shows that the boy has control over his destiny but does not have any control over his fate. It seems there was a supernatural power that dictated his behavior or habit. It is thus impossible for Abner or any other person to control his fate but he has control over his destiny. The forces of fate are also presented in â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner† by Samuel Coleridge show that there are things beyond our control. For example, the poem talks of death as an incident that is beyond man’s control. It is impossible for an individual to have knowledge of when or how they are going to die. Also, once death is to occur, no one can stop it. The reverse is also true in that, if one is not destined to die, then no one can cause the ultimate death of that person. In part IV of the poem, the persona says â€Å"alone, alone, all, all alone†¦the many men, so beautiful, and they all dead did lie† (Coleridge 89). This point clearly shows that death is fate and no human individual is able to control it. However, if one is able to avoid death through living a good free from any dangers you will live much longer. The author was destined

Sustainable marketing Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Sustainable marketing Report - Assignment Example The project also highlights about the green marketing process and the present issues which are faced by organisation about maintaining the ecological balance of the environment. Apart from this an organisation has been chosen to have an insight of their environmental policy and marketing mix strategy which they have undertaken. In this report Hewlett Packard or what is popularly known as HP is chosen to conduct the research. Table of Contents Part I: Theory 4 Introduction 4 Context and Rational 5 Principles and Values 5 Challenges in the 21st century 6 Towards Sustainable marketing 7 Framework 9 Evaluation of Sustainable marketing 10 Part II: Application 10 Industry analysis 11 Current approach and strategy 12 Present Issues 14 Evaluation of HP’s marketing mix 14 Summary 16 Reference 16 Part I: Theory Introduction Over the last few decades marketing topics have been very much dynamic and vibrant. Among them Sustainable marketing stood out as one of the most valuable and necess ary forms of marketing (Ottman, 2011, p.xi). Sustainable marketing is a process of marketing which aligns the inner organisation process and systematize the using up of resources which creates values for the stakeholders and also helps in enriching the natural and social environment. Sustainable marketing comes into action when an organisation understands that they operate with availability of limited resources and holds the responsibility of the future in preserving the natural resources. This process helps a firm in making continuous development of the social environment and restores the natural environment in which the organisation exists. It commits a firm in reducing the discharge of hazardous waste materials into the social and natural environment. Some of the examples that are generally undertaken by organisations in their operational exertion include creation of green plants, less use of virgin raw materials and more use of recycled materials. Apart from these they also try to achieve a sound waste management strategy (Basile, Hershauer & Mcnall, 2011, p.197-198). A lack of properly defined goal for organisational, environmental and societal environments creates a distraction in the achievement of successful sustainable marketing. Green marketing is a subset of sustainable marketing. Green marketing refers to everything from greening the product development process to the greening of advertisement campaigns. Greening of product and its development process is about using less finite resources and to look after fewer emissions of hazardous elements in the environment. Keeping all the factors in mind the last responsibility is to develop a green product. A green product can be stated as a product which can be recycled easily and does not degrades the environment. A green product can have many other qualities such as it saves water, able to reduce the green house effect, control on toxic elements, capacity to clean the indoor air. The final task comes in t he form of green marketing which involves usage of electronic media to promote the product rather than going for print media. The main objective is to look after less usage of paper. Some companies’ use taglines in their promotional campaigns such as ‘save paper’ ‘save electricity’. It has been observed that the companies which follows green marketing conducts their

Mastery of Course Objectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mastery of Course Objectives - Essay Example You can call me by various names viz. trainer, instructor, faculty member etc. I basically teach the apprentices who join us from time to time. I feel a sense of accomplishment when my students move from strength to strength. I would like to formalise this inclination for teaching. I want to join a college nearby as a clinical instructor. I want to take baby steps and reach the pinnacle of my field. I have a crucial role to play in leading them in their careers. I bring together nurses from diverse backgrounds, personal, and to some extent, educational, onto a single nursing platform. Being in the academic field, I can only be complete through further education. I want to enrol in doctorate programs which can give me the academic edge that others have over me. This would mean a steep learning curve, but I am prepared to go all the way to pursue my goal. Even the duration of my continued education is not an issue as long as I am the best in my field. Mastery of Program Objectives To b ecome a nurse educator, I need to know the objectives of the course that I have selected. I should understand the implication of each goal and how it can assist me in my career. I describe briefly below some of the important program objectives in the context of nurse education. In a traditional nursing setting, a faculty member is only expected to teach. However, this job goes beyond just teaching. It involves moulding the students and making them good nurses. It requires not only theoretical knowledge, but the practical implementation of theory. Moreover, research is required to take it to a higher level. I need to constantly update and upgrade my knowledge to succeed in this service oriented sector. I was under the impression that scholarship limits itself to research. â€Å"Boyer outlines four †¦ functions of scholarship †¦ discovery, integration, application and teaching† (Boyer Model of Scholarship). Discovery relates to the search of new information, whereas i ntegration is placing isolated facts in perspective. Application is putting knowledge into practice to serve the community and the campus. Finally, teaching is gaining mastery over knowledge and presenting it to others in an understandable form. I am also aware that education cannot be imparted in isolation. It needs to be linked to the practice of the field. As a member of the education committee in my ED department the ideas and strategies learned through this course were helpful in evaluating and revising our orientation program for our newly hired graduates. Hence, faculty scholarship activities can help bridge the gap between academic preparation and the implementation. I realise that I should chalk out my own path for improving teaching. So that students can learn better, I apply knowledge to various clinical settings to get a holistic view of the nursing practice. Hence, I further my career due to the varied experience that I can give to the graduates. At the same time I ensu re that I formalise it by continuing my own education in the nursing area. I keep myself abreast of the latest changes in nursing and nursing education. I diligently follow all journals and manuals in this field. I also plan to contribute to such publications. I ensure that all latest developments are taken up in class for the benefit of students. I also make my students inculcate the habit of regularly reading, discussing and putting to practice what they acquire from such publications.

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

English - Essay Example In the poem â€Å"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud† a man described himself floating with the clouds in the daytime on the bank of a lake in a field of daffodils. The man wished to share a serene scene of peacefulness so the reader can understand his feelings. The reader can feel the inner contentment of the author. This poem paints the picture of peacefulness that can come from a simple view in one’s mind of a field of flowers once saw. The man of this poem imagined he is lonely, floating like a cloud. In his loneliness, the character found a multitude of golden daffodils by a lake underneath a grove of trees. The flowers waved in the wind, looking like they were dancing. From up above the daffodils looked endless. The water gleamed brightly, but the flowers out shone the water with its beauty. The man had to be elated at the sight of these daffodils. Whenever the man feels sad and alone, he thought of the dancing daffodils, immediately feeling better. William Wordsworth’s poem imbues the ideal of a character soothing their unrest with a image of nature. Although the man in the poem was lonely, he craved others. Yet if a person is depressed, lonely, hurt, or even angry the cause is normally another person. That makes this poem more sensible. There are no better friends than daffodils. Flowers cannot hurt you. Thus this beautiful dream helped the character to meditate into a better mood every time he imagined it.. â€Å"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud† is an example of how the meditation allowed this man to cheer himself up in solitude. This poem is a prime example of fixating on an imagined time and place to make oneself feel better. A popular technique used by numerous people all over the world. This is what makes â€Å"The Daffodil† enjoyable to read. Most people can identify with the sentiments expressed by the author. Readers have experienced the feelings of bad, loneliness, and distrust of their fellow humans. William

Sustainable marketing Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Sustainable marketing Report - Assignment Example The project also highlights about the green marketing process and the present issues which are faced by organisation about maintaining the ecological balance of the environment. Apart from this an organisation has been chosen to have an insight of their environmental policy and marketing mix strategy which they have undertaken. In this report Hewlett Packard or what is popularly known as HP is chosen to conduct the research. Table of Contents Part I: Theory 4 Introduction 4 Context and Rational 5 Principles and Values 5 Challenges in the 21st century 6 Towards Sustainable marketing 7 Framework 9 Evaluation of Sustainable marketing 10 Part II: Application 10 Industry analysis 11 Current approach and strategy 12 Present Issues 14 Evaluation of HP’s marketing mix 14 Summary 16 Reference 16 Part I: Theory Introduction Over the last few decades marketing topics have been very much dynamic and vibrant. Among them Sustainable marketing stood out as one of the most valuable and necess ary forms of marketing (Ottman, 2011, p.xi). Sustainable marketing is a process of marketing which aligns the inner organisation process and systematize the using up of resources which creates values for the stakeholders and also helps in enriching the natural and social environment. Sustainable marketing comes into action when an organisation understands that they operate with availability of limited resources and holds the responsibility of the future in preserving the natural resources. This process helps a firm in making continuous development of the social environment and restores the natural environment in which the organisation exists. It commits a firm in reducing the discharge of hazardous waste materials into the social and natural environment. Some of the examples that are generally undertaken by organisations in their operational exertion include creation of green plants, less use of virgin raw materials and more use of recycled materials. Apart from these they also try to achieve a sound waste management strategy (Basile, Hershauer & Mcnall, 2011, p.197-198). A lack of properly defined goal for organisational, environmental and societal environments creates a distraction in the achievement of successful sustainable marketing. Green marketing is a subset of sustainable marketing. Green marketing refers to everything from greening the product development process to the greening of advertisement campaigns. Greening of product and its development process is about using less finite resources and to look after fewer emissions of hazardous elements in the environment. Keeping all the factors in mind the last responsibility is to develop a green product. A green product can be stated as a product which can be recycled easily and does not degrades the environment. A green product can have many other qualities such as it saves water, able to reduce the green house effect, control on toxic elements, capacity to clean the indoor air. The final task comes in t he form of green marketing which involves usage of electronic media to promote the product rather than going for print media. The main objective is to look after less usage of paper. Some companies’ use taglines in their promotional campaigns such as ‘save paper’ ‘save electricity’. It has been observed that the companies which follows green marketing conducts their

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

English - Essay Example In the poem â€Å"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud† a man described himself floating with the clouds in the daytime on the bank of a lake in a field of daffodils. The man wished to share a serene scene of peacefulness so the reader can understand his feelings. The reader can feel the inner contentment of the author. This poem paints the picture of peacefulness that can come from a simple view in one’s mind of a field of flowers once saw. The man of this poem imagined he is lonely, floating like a cloud. In his loneliness, the character found a multitude of golden daffodils by a lake underneath a grove of trees. The flowers waved in the wind, looking like they were dancing. From up above the daffodils looked endless. The water gleamed brightly, but the flowers out shone the water with its beauty. The man had to be elated at the sight of these daffodils. Whenever the man feels sad and alone, he thought of the dancing daffodils, immediately feeling better. William Wordsworth’s poem imbues the ideal of a character soothing their unrest with a image of nature. Although the man in the poem was lonely, he craved others. Yet if a person is depressed, lonely, hurt, or even angry the cause is normally another person. That makes this poem more sensible. There are no better friends than daffodils. Flowers cannot hurt you. Thus this beautiful dream helped the character to meditate into a better mood every time he imagined it.. â€Å"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud† is an example of how the meditation allowed this man to cheer himself up in solitude. This poem is a prime example of fixating on an imagined time and place to make oneself feel better. A popular technique used by numerous people all over the world. This is what makes â€Å"The Daffodil† enjoyable to read. Most people can identify with the sentiments expressed by the author. Readers have experienced the feelings of bad, loneliness, and distrust of their fellow humans. William

“The Iliad” by Homer Essay Example for Free

â€Å"The Iliad† by Homer Essay â€Å"The Iliad† is known to be the most famous Greek poems written by a blind poet Homer. The Iliad is dated circa 8th century BC, although now some scholars such as Martin West and Richard Seaford prefer to date it in the 6th-7th century BC. The Iliad† tells about events taking place during the last year of Lion siege (about 10th century BC) or Trojan War. The Iliad belongs to a tradition of Greek oral poetry – epic poem. It is a long poem telling readers about historical events involving ancient gods, heroic deeds and ancient heroes. Since the Iliad is too lengthy, it is loosely organized. What is more interesting is that not every event or episode of the poem is absolutely connected with the main story line. It means that digressions are rather common in the poem. It is possible to notice the difference between epic genre and dramatic genre where all episodes tend to be closely connected with the plot and all digressions are uncommon. It is a distinguishing feature of The Iliad. Actually, the poem promotes the ideal sod war-like society. The main theme of the â€Å"The Iliad† is glorification of the war. There is an idea that the novel even celebrates war, because all the characters are judged by their competence, bravery and courage in the battles. It seems that the poem supports the war, because such judging extends even to the gods.   Iliad proclaims that to fight means to prove honor and bravery. Furthermore, the poem proclaims that war is predominant over the family life and has to be always on the first place for all men. For example, Achilles is the greatest warrior in the Greek army. Achilles wins eternal glory because he always rejected long, uneventful, calm and comfortable home life. Paris preferred not to fight and therefore he was scorned by his family and beloved woman. Paris is shown to be more subjected to women’s tenderness i.e. love and other feelings being inherent to humans. According to Homer, such qualities aren’t attributes of real hero. Summing up Homer’s hero is strong, courage, brave and always ready to fight and to die. Achilles is an ideal of Greek hero for Homer. References Fitzgerald, Robert (translt.). (1991). The Iliad of Homer. New York, USA: Penguin

The Tragic Vulnerability Of Othello English Literature Essay

The Tragic Vulnerability Of Othello English Literature Essay A tragic flaw is defined as a flaw in the character of the protagonist of a tragedy that brings sorrow or death to the protagonist. Throughout history, weve seen key examples of tragic heroes such as Dr Faustus, Oedipus and Richard III. Shakespeare in particular has seemed to find the way to epitomise what a tragic hero is as Othello is the perfect example of mans tragic vulnerability of love for another. If we regard Othello as a true tragic hero however, the outcome of the play is not his fault because he is simply fated to suffer. If we look at Othello not as a tragic hero, but, as a human, although he murders his wife, he is not to blame because he is influenced heavily by the manipulative Iago and Roderigo, therefore, Othellos downfall was not a consequence of his own actions but due to circumstances beyond his control. The characteristics of a tragic hero are explained by Aristotle who states that there are four things which need to happen in order for a character to be considered a tragic hero. Firstly, there is peripateia, this is a complete fall from grace to misery; the second is hamartia which is a fatal or tragic flaw in the hero; anagnorisis, which is the recognition of the heros mistakes and faults, and finally catharsis, which is when tension is finally released and the reader feels no negative emotions towards the hero. There are two critics in particular who debate whether or not Othello can be considered a tragic hero. The first of these critics is A.C. Bradley who believes that Othello is one of the greatest tragic heroes of all time. The second is F.R Leavis who believes that Othello doesnt qualify for true hero status. However, both Bradley and Leavis agree that Othello doesnt reach a state of peripateia but for different reasons. Bradley states that The Othello of the fourth act is Othello during his downfall. His fall is never complete but his grandeur remains undiminished. This shows us that Bradley believes that Othellos downfall is never truly complete, but, he retains his nobility and honour. We also know that Othello was taken from Royal blood to become a slave. Surely thats a greater fall from grace? Leavis argues that Othello is simply aware of his nobility and therefore lacks the true requirements of a noble hero. He has discovered his mistake but there is no tragic self-discoveryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Bradley seems to have the better point in this instance; Othello doesnt suffer a fall from grace at the end of the play and his reputation remains almost intact therefore it does not meet the criteria of a tragic hero, thus, meaning that Othello isnt fated to suffer because he isnt a tragic hero. It is incredibly easy to suggest that Othellos downfall is that of his own doing. First and foremost; he is not a tragic hero and therefore he controls his own fate. Much like other protagonists in other tragedies, his own actions lead to his eventual downfall. Much like the character of Dr Faustus, Faustus commits his own mistakes and it is his hamartia that leads to his fall and eventual death. Othellos hamartia is his jealousy. However, despite having this hamartia throughout the play we see numerous instances of characters in Othello such as Roderigo and Iago influencing Othello to make the mistakes that he does. We see a number of instances of the two characters whispering in Othellos ear in order to stir raw jealousy inside of him as they are aware that it is his weakness; by exploiting it, this will lead to his demise. We learn throughout the play that Iago is trying to cause Othellos fall from grace and so trick him into believing that Desdemona is having an affair. Although ultimately yes, Othello does give into his hamartia, he cannot be blamed because were it not for the influence of Iago and Roderigo, he would have not murdered his wife. Therefore, Othellos downfall is a consequence of the actions of those around him. Iago is a type of character known as a machiaval, a character that takes the teachings of the philosopher Machiavelli to the nth degree. Iago can be considered an agent of fate, sent to doom Othello. If we take this stance, it is evident that Othellos downfall was a consequence of the events out of his control. Iagos entire scheme begins when the ignorant, ill-suited Cassio is given the position that he desires. Iago feels as though it is he who deserves that position and is in turn, consumed with jealousy. Iago shows true acts of amorality throughout the play. As he deceives, steals and murders to gain that position. Iagos amorality is apparent throughout the entire play and is demonstrated repeatedly. One of the first instances of this is where Iago himself states to Roderigo I follow him to serve my turn upon him. This shows us that simply, Iago does not respect nor does he care for Othello immediately showing us his villainy. In almost every scene in which Iago speaks, we know th at deception is present. In the opening scene for example, Iago displays characteristics that will show his pivotal role in the tragedy of Othello. Iago proudly boasts that I am not what I am. Although at time of speaking, this was simply to convince Roderigo that Iago simply feigns alliance to Othello, the deeper implication of those words soon become apparent to us as an audience. Iago practices deceit whenever it is required. When Othello comes to Iago suspecting the betrayal of Desdemona, Iago does little but fuel the flames of mistrust: Iago: Nay, this was but his dream. Othello: But this denoted a foregone conclusion. Iago: Tis a shrewd doubt, though it be but a dream, And this may help to thicken other proofs, That do demonstrate thinly. In this example, Othello believes that Cassio has been having lustful dreams about his wife Desdemona. Othello believes that this is simply a matter of time (foregone conclusion) showing us that Iagos manipulation of Othello has worked successfully. This shows us that Iago is simply planting doubts and jealousy in Othellos mind. Iagos villainy is only proven further when again, Iago does little but place the doubts in Othellos mind that his beloved Desdemona is being unfaithful: Iago: O, beware, my lord, of jealousy; It is the green-eyd monster, which doth mock The meat it feeds onà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Who dotes, yet doubts, suspects, yet strongly loves! Iagos basic idea is that the fortunate man knows his wife his cheating; the unfortunate man only suspects and is therefore trapped between love and trust. Here again, Iago is very evidently exploiting Othellos hamartia. Iago is pure and simply amoral. He has no problem about deceiving those close to him and deceiving for his own personal gain. It is apparent also that Iago is jealous of Othello. He seems to believe that because Othello is black, he doesnt deserve his place in the Venetian army; in fact, he repeatedly refers to Othello as moor. This suggests a fixation on the fact that Othello is black. Because of this, Iago believes he should not hold his high status within the army. Initially, Iagos repeated descriptions of Othello lead us to form a dislike towards him as a character. In one instance, Othello is described as lascivious leading us as readers to associate lustful and lecherous connotations with Othello. We believe that he has in a way taken Desdemona by force. Othello is also described as an old, black, rutting ram again lead us as readers to form sexual and territorial connotations of Othello. The use of rather violent words leads the reader to believe that Othello himself is violent. However, we soon realise that Iago isnt in fact honest Iago as Othello believes him to be. Iago is used by Shakespeare as a vehicle for the story, he is needed to further the events and lead the play to the outcome it reaches. Were it not for Iago, the doubt and jealousy would not have been put in Othellos mind, he would have not given into his jealousy had Iago not repeatedly manipulated and lied, the play would not have reached the same outcome. The fact that Iago is so prominently and obviously deceiving those around him proves to the reader that Othellos downfall was not a consequence of his own actions, but a consequence of the events around him. In conclusion, it is not Othellos own fault that he suffers a downfall, it is the actions of the people and the events around him that cause the play to proceed the way it does. However, I believe that Othello is the perfect example of mans tragic vulnerability because through love of another in the form of his wife Desdemona, he suffered the fate of having to live with the guilt that he murdered his wife because of a lie leading to Othellos eventual death. Othellos death is the tragic result of one mans love for his wife. It is Iagos fault that the play ends in the way it does because of his manipulation of events and characters therefore he can be held accountable for Othellos fall from Grace. Othello is the perfect example of mans tragic vulnerability and it is the events around him that cause his downfall.

Why Was There Relative Stability in the Balkans, In the Period 1890-1908? :: European Europe History

Why Was There Relative Stability in the Balkans, In the Period 1890-1908? Between the years of 1890 and 1908 there was a period of relative stability in the Balkan area. Whilst, in this essay, it is my primary objective to look at what factors caused this, it is first important to understand that the climate was only stable in comparison to the years before it - when there was great tension, argument and conflict. It would be naà ¯ve to assume that after 1890 there was none of the aforementioned; the importance of the word 'relative' should not be overlooked. Take, for example, the infamous Armenian massacres of 1894 and 1896. At that time there were about a million Armenians under Turkish rule. They were a badly oppressed minority, discriminated against in just about every conceivable way. When the Armenian people began to press for improved rights and independence, the Turkish reaction was to silence them through acts of murder. This is clearly not an act usually associated with stability. Another prime example that the stability in the Balkans was only ever relative is the crisis of 1903. The Serbian King was assassinated in a military coup and replaced by King Peter, who belonged to a different dynasty. He was pro-Russian which angered Austria-Hungary, who had been allied with Serbia. Austria-Hungary placed economic sanctions on the Serbs in the hope of forcing them back into an alliance, but this only succeeded in worsening relations between the two and pushing Serbia into Russian hands. That said, there is no doubt that the climate surrounding the Balkans was far more relaxed and stable between 1890 and 1908 than it had been for many decades beforehand. There were several factors that contributed to this, the primary reason being (in my opinion) the change in Russian foreign policy. Before 1890, Russian was often the root cause of tension and conflict, because of her foreign policy objectives - she had two principle objectives: to unite the Slav people of the Balkans, in order to create a 'Greater Motherland', and also to gain greater access to The Straits. This was most evident in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877, where Russia had emerged victorious, and attempted to create a 'Bigger Bulgaria' of Slav people in the (eventually) abortive treaty of San Stefano. After 1890 Russia felt that if they continued to pursue their interests in the Balkans, it was a lot of trouble for possibly no gain, so instead she began looking to the East and the far greater opportunities for expansion in China, Japan and Manchuria.

Everyday Use Essay example -- essays research papers

In the short story Everyday Use, by Alice Walker, the short story is narrated by a black woman in the South who is faced with the decision to give away two quilts to one of her two daughters. Dee, her oldest daughter who is visiting from college, perceives the quilts as popular fashion and believes they should undoubtedly be given to her. Maggie, her youngest daughter, who still lives at home and understands the family heritage, has been promised the quilts. Dee is insistent to possess these heirlooms of family heritage, while Maggie is forbearing in allowing Mama to make her own decision as to who should receive the quilts. Dee shows a lack of appreciation, disrespect, and a distancing behavior towards her mother and sister. Mama ultimately decides to give the quilts to Maggie with sufficient reasons to do so. Mama recognizes Dee's different style of life and the lack of appreciation her character displays. Her mother states, "I didn't want to bring up how I had offered Dee a quilt when she went away to college. Then she had told me they were old-fashioned, out of style." Dee does not appreciate things unless it is for her own self-gratification. After being away at college, she is demanding to be given the quilts that her grandmother and aunt have made, for she now sees these precious items as fashionable objects. "Dee wanted nice things. At sixteen she had a style of her own and knew what style was." She has a selfish mind of her own. Mama is more ...

Psychological approaches Essay

Today, few psychologists identify their outlook according to a particular school of thought. While you may still find some pure behaviorists or psychoanalysts, the majority of psychologists instead categorize their work according to their specialty area and perspective. Every topic in psychology can be looked at in a number of different ways. For example, let’s consider the subject of aggression. Someone who emphasizes a biological perspective would look at the how the brain and nervous system impact aggressive behavior. A professional who stresses a behavioral perspective would look at how environmental variables reinforce aggressive actions. Another psychologist who utilizes a cross-cultural approach might consider how cultural and social influences contribute to aggressive or violent behaviors. The following are just a few of the major perspectives in modern psychology. The Psychodynamic Perspective The psychodynamic perspective originated with the work of Sigmund Freud. This view of psychology and human behavior emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind, early childhood experiences, and interpersonal relationships to explain human behaviour and to treat people suffering from mental illnesses. The Behavioral Perspective Behavioral psychology is a perspective that focuses on learned behaviors. Behaviorism differed from many other perspectives because instead of emphasizing internal states, it focused solely on observable behaviors. While this school of thought dominated psychology early in the twentieth century, it began to lose its hold during the 1950s. Today, the behavioral perspective is still concerned with how behaviors are learned and reinforced. Behavioral principles are often applied in mental health settings, where therapists and counselors use these techniques to explain and treat a variety of illnesses. The Cognitive Perspective During the 1960s, a new perspective known as cognitive psychology began to take hold. This area of psychology focuses on mental processes such as memory, thinking, problem solving, language and decision-making. Influenced by psychologists such as Jean Piaget and Albert Bandura, this perspective has grown tremendously in recent decades. Cognitive psychologists often utilize an information-processing model, comparing the human mind to a computer, to conceptualize how information is acquired, processed, stored, and utilized. The Biological Perspective The study of physiology played a major role in the development of psychology as a separate science. Today, this perspective is known as biological psychology. Sometimes referred to as biopsychology or physiological psychology, this point of view emphasizes the physical and biological bases of behavior. Researchers who take a biological perspective on psychology might look at how genetics influence different behaviors or how damage to specific areas of the brain influence behavior and personality. Things like the nervous system, genetics, the brain, the immune system, and the endocrine systems are just a few of the subjects that interest biological psychologists. This perspective has grown significantly over the last few decades, especially with advances in our ability to explore and understand the human brain and nervous system. Tools such as MRI scans and PET scans allow researchers to look at the brain under a variety of conditions. Scientists can now look at the effects of brain damage, drugs, and disease in ways that were simply not possible in the past. The Evolutionary Perspective Evolutionary psychology is focused on the study of how evolution explains physiological processes. Psychologists and researchers take the basic principles of evolution, including natural selection, and apply them to psychological phenomena. This perspective suggests that these mental processes exist because they serve an evolutionary purpose – they aid in survival and reproduction. The Humanistic Perspective During the 1950s, a school of thought known as humanistic psychology emerged. Influenced greatly by the work of prominent humanists such as Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, this perspective emphasizes the role of motivation on thought and behavior. Concepts such as self-actualization are an essential part of this perspective. Those who take the humanist perspective focus on the ways that human beings are driven to grow, change, and develop their personal potential. Positive psychology is one relatively recent movement in psychology that has its roots in the humanist perspective.

Herd Health Surveillance And Management Health Essay

In 1907, the ‘British Royal Commission ‘ proved that childrens were at hazard from bovine TB ( 1 ) . Today this Zoonotic bTB ( caused by M. bovis ) is present worldwide. Tuberculosis, pulmonary tuberculosis, besides known as ‘Scrofula ‘ , is a menace to public wellness, domestic farm animal, wildlife, and besides to merchandise industry. The position of this disease as a re-emerging zoonotic disease is today of great concern ( 4 ) . The first instance of bovid infection from adult male to cattle was reported by Magnusson in 1937 ( 2, 3 ) . Bovine TB is now classified by OIE as a â€Å" List B † disease. States following the FAO and the OIE recommendation, seek to use appropriate and effectual control measures to halt the visual aspect of new instances of TB ( incidence ) ( 5, 23 ) . This can be hard to accomplish because the infective dosage could be a really low sum of B ( 22 ) .Low incidenceAs ‘incidence ‘ we understand the sum of new instances happening in a defined period of clip. The chance of developing a specific disease during a specified period of clip is the incidence rate. Incidence rate = new instances in specified period of clip ten factor ( 100,1000aˆÂ ¦ ) Entire population at hazard during the period ‘Low incidence ‘ ( LI ) occurs when new instances emerge in a lower and slower rate than before within a period of clip in the targeted population. Is this low incidence step existent and important adequate to province that bTB is under control and even taking to a possible obliteration? The reply is likely, No. Low incidence might non reflect the existent state of affairs on a national degree. Low incidence of bTB can propose that the disease is by and large non distributing fast, but has a changeless, slow tendency within the cattle population. The incidence could be higher in some portion of the state and really low in others. We need the ‘prevalence ‘ , in order to better understand how TB in a population could be quantified. ‘Prevalence ‘ is the entire figure of bing instances happening at one peculiar clip. : Prevalence = chronic conditions Diseases – count the entire figure of disease persons ‘Prevalence rate'A is the sum of the population who has a disease at a given clip. Prevalence rate = bing instances at the specified point of clip x factor Entire population at hazard during the period ( 15 ) In livestock the disease is profoundly predisposed by farming and managerial factors which are of highest importance. Environmental factors such as carnal carrying denseness, motion between groups, quarantine, the new stock, environmental fortunes ( humidness, temperature, air current, rain seasons ) , lodging, bedclothes, lacrimation, airing, sanitation and nutrient balance besides play critical portion. In diseases outbreaks in animate being groups, usually both clinical and sub clinical instances exist in the group ( Iceberg Concept ) . In those endemic diseases, more of the infections in a group have a sub clinical ( soundless ) presentation ( see figure ) . It is cardinal to place the status in the group in inquiry or the instance categorization ( negative, exposed, fishy, or reactor ) . ( 24 ) There is a group of states like Australia ( 30,31 ) , Poland and others, which has achieved free bTB position using strict methods of surveillance monitoring and control ( 23,41, Apx 1 ) . Others such as EEUU ( 27, 28, 29 ) and Spain, show by and large the moderate but uninterrupted decline of the disease ( 36 ) . Spain has improved the incidence rate. There has besides been a alteration in the prevalence rate of bTB among the carnal population ( 25 ) . This disease can be endemic. Prevalence / Incidence, of b.TB during 1986 – 2006 in Spain. PROGRAMA NACIONAL DE ERRADICACION DE TUBERCULOSIS BOVINA. ANOS 2008-2010.. ( 25 )Spain – a low incidence stateIn Spain the prevalence is higher in beef herds and engendering contending bulls ‘ herds than in dairy herds, which may be due to production related differences between these types of herds. Beef herds are kept under more extended conditions, which allow contacts with other herds and wildlife, via communal grazing land ( 4 ) . BTB presence in the wildlife species had been proven as a beginning of infection for house servants animate beings and a threat to endangered species ( 6,8 ) . It seems that species sharing the same ecosystems are conveying the disease. M. bovis has besides been detected in carcases of cervid, hare, wild Sus scrofa, Iberian lynx and fox found in studies of wildlife killed in national Parkss and private estates in cardinal, southern and west of the Iberian Peninsula ( 7, 4 ) . Figure1. Main bovid TB hazard factors classified into animate being, herd and region/country degrees. Worldwide bovine TB hazard factors Vet. Res. ( 2009 ) 40:50aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. ( 4 ) Spain has a control programme in topographic point, at national and regional degree. Harmonizing to their informations about 97 % of the herds are free of bovine TB ( bTB ) ( 18 ) .This was achieved by the application of government trials and slaughter at the national degree. In the Central organisation there is the Ministry of environmental, rural and sea. On the regional degree there are official veterinary services with provincial and territory central offices ( 20,21 ) . REPORT OF THE â€Å" BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS † SUB-GROUP TASK FORCE, Spain, 14-15 November 2007 ( 18 ) Spain as a member province of the EU Commission has its ain Sub-group Task Force, which report back on the advancement of its bTB obliteration programme ( 18 ) . In order to command and forestall eruptions of bTB assorted signifiers of surveillance programmes have been established and information gathered and utilised from findings of these.What is disease surveillance?â€Å" Epidemiologic surveillance is defined as an experimental method based on uninterrupted entering to follow wellness position or hazard factors in a defined population, and peculiarly to observe the visual aspect of pathological procedures and analyze their development over clip and in infinite, with a position to following appropriate control measures â€Å" ( 19 ; Toma et al. , 1991 ) . Surveillance is defined as a ‘mechanism applied to roll up and construe informations on the wellness of carnal population, to accurately depict their wellness position with regard to specific diseases of concern ‘ ( 28 ) . The term surveillance is used for the acknowledgment of new or alien diseases, and monitoring is aimed at observing additions in established infection degrees that may signal the return of a disease eruption. Surveillance programmes are frequently used to integrate both surveillance and monitoring activities ( MOSS ) ( 28 ) .There are really clear definitions in the study of the ISVEE conference, held in Durban. ( 2009 ) Epidemiologic surveillance signifiers portion of descriptive epidemiology because it aims to supply a dependable image of the epidemiological state of affairs sing one or more diseases ( 13 ) . The construct of disease surveillance is shown in Figure 1. ( 26 ) .Surveillance methodsObligatory surveillance: Bovine TB is a countrywide programme disease which requires the declaration of all suspected bTB instances by husbandmans, veterinaries, abattoirs inspectors, and everybody in contact with farm animal. Everyday surveillance: Name inactive surveillance, besides known as ‘scanning ‘ surveillance, is an ongoing observation of the prevailing disease profile of a susceptible population. With the information from this information we can observe any unnatural alterations or emerging diseases and obtain a general image of the disease state of affairs. Active surveillance: Besides called tailored programmes, marks a specific disease or status within a defined population. The presence of the disease can be measured or its absence verified. At first a clear instance definition must be developed. Surveillance is so carried out in structured population-based reviews ( methodical proving at slaughter, random studies, scrutinies for infection in non-symptoms animate beings including wildlife ) or in structured mark surveillance actions ( disease coverage, aiming proving, ante-mortem reviews, research lab probes, lookout elements, field records, farm animal ‘s herds, wildlife disease statistics ) . â€Å" Effectives controls requires an apprehension of the epidemiology of a diseases, including its infections kineticss within house servants every bit good as wildlife populations † ( 32 chapter 8, p. 363 ) .Datas elementsDatas are obtained from different beginnings: Findingss in butcheries, in the field, in research research labs, menagerie, ferine animate being keepers, private veterinary patterns and from province veterinary surveillance. There are good definitions in the web of USDA. This site provides wide information on animate being health/disease countries ( 40 ) We can specify the informations by the event under surveillance. The event and the population at hazard ( numerator/denominator ) , have to be mensurable. Then we need to place the beginnings and the information suppliers, based in the appropriated nose count to obtain a existent position of the disease. Data aggregation is a squad undertaking, aggregators and suppliers and everybody else involved participate to accomplish the aims. It is based on hazard appraisal. To be good processs must be focused, systematic, efficient, dependable and economical. The end is to entree concealed pockets of an carnal population, to avoid uncontrolled state of affairss in the hereafter. The chief end here is the obliteration the bTB, and to derive the position of freedom of the disease. In disease surveillance, compulsory and voluntary presentments are common beginnings for informations aggregation. In distant countries with hapless substructure participatory assessments can be a valuable beginning of information. Labs play an of import portion for the proviso of valuable and dependable informations. An active and full functional diagnostic research lab service is hence cardinal for any surveillance activity. Analysis of information is besides performed by the research labs. Here we find two constructs to see, first esthesia, 2nd feasibleness. The threshold of esthesia must be the same in the full trial to hold consistence in the analytical procedure ; the targeted surveillance must be realistic and possible to execute.Once the information is validated it is fed into a centralized database for the entree and distribution to all stakeholders, usually by via an internet interface. The result must be clearly accessible for all parts involved. The usage of epidemiological informations can supply the rating of the disease and its effects. The cyberspace has become an of import tool for the decentralization of informations entry. Appropriate analysis of informations provides a good planetary representation of the state of affairs ( 11,14 ) . Geographic information systems GIS are used to back up this procedure ( 16 ) .Aims of national surveillanceTerbium is a notifiable disease worldwide. The OIE provides recommendations in its ‘Terrestrial Animal Health Code ‘ and all facets of surveillance are addressed and recommendations given to follow ( 17 ) .The purpose is to use a national surveillance, monitoring and control system which will help the obliteration of the disease. The chief aims for a national surveillance should be: To gauge the size of the job within the domestic and wildlife carnal population. To observe eruptions in animate beings both farmed and in wildlife population, monitor the class of such eruptions and measure the impact. To place bovid TB in the instance that it is brought to the state. To hold preventative controls and obliteration steps in topographic point on defined carnal populations to mensurate promotion and efficaciousness in the obliteration plan. To hold the capacity to verify disease freedom or low threshold of hazard for trading aims.DecisionBTB is a life endangering disease that affects animate beings and worlds likewise. Since its find attempts have been made to track it, to handle the disease and to command its spread with the purpose to finally eliminate it. Despite these attempts bTB is re- looking in an alarming manner amongst animate beings and worlds. Surveillance has become a cardinal component to avoid, proctor and halt the spread of the disease. Some states have been successful in cut downing and keeping its spread, or even eliminating it through effectual surveillance of their house servants and wildlife carnal population. The job is complex, broad stretch and clip consuming. It involves establishments, the husbandmans, the veterinarian services, the regional and governmental administrations ; even environmental factors play an of import portion. There is a demand to organize, on a regional degree every bit much as on a national one. Exchange of information and communicating is needfully combined to guarantee that information is processed and evaluated right, seasonably and used suitably ( 37 ) . Surveillance and effectual control programmes for bTB, adapted to the demands of each state and part, should be implemented and supported by regional, governmental and international organic structures, in a co-ordinated mode. Developing states frequently lack of the necessary installations, and hence need extra support from the developed universe to help their obliteration of this disease. ( 37 ) Epidemiologic Surveillance Systems

Analyzing What Boudicca Is

Analyzing What Boudicca Is Though the primary sources on Boudicca are fragmentary and limited, it can still be ascertained that she played a major role in the revolt of the Iceni against the mighty foreign power of Rome. Throughout history powerful men have been viewed as threatening, but powerful women such as the late queen of the Iceni are often seen as awe-inspiring. Owing to Boudicca’s mistreatment and bravery she rose up against the Roman Invasion endeavouring to seek vengeance and in doing so shaped European history. Boudicca, one of history’s most powerful women, suffered rape only vicariously as a mother, but her revenge destroyed thousands. The rebellion of Boudicca has an established and monumental place in British history. Her ability to recruit a brutal Celtic army and massacre thousands in her revolt displays her courage and determination as a leader. The character of this woman and the events of her life, contribute immensely to her importance in history. While over time she has b een viewed by different perspectives, she is most commonly seen as the obvious; a queen, mother, wife and survivor. Boudicca’s revolt against the Romans was initially shaped by misfortunes brought upon her life and her family. Among ancient Celts, women were equal to men and held a number of well established rights. Consequently, when Boudicca’s husband, Prasutagus, King of the Iceni tribe met his death in 60 AD, Boudicca took her assumed role as Leader and queen. Her husband’s will outlined Boudicca’s inheritance of the tribe and its land yet the Romans considered this practise illegal and demanded she hand over her wealth and territories. The injustice of such a demand resulted in Boudicca’s strong refusal which ultimately led to her arrest, flogging and then the public brutalisation and rape of her two young daughters. Tacitus, senator and historian of the Roman Empire depicted the event in his work, The Annals. He states, â€Å"His kingdom was plundered by centuries†¦ his wife Boudicca was scoured and his daughters outrage. All the chief men of the Iceni as if Rome had received the whole country as a gift, were stripped of their ancestral possessions, and the kings relatives were made slaves.†(http://classics.mit.edu/Tacitus/annals.html). This prominent historian outlines significantly the atrocious actions of the Roman Empire and mistreatment of the Royal Family and its tribe. Manifestly, after the assault to her children, her family and her kingdom, it was time to seek vengeance. Boudicca triumphed as courageous female leader and despite the fragmentary nature of sources; there is strong historical evidence which depicts her heroic qualities. In the case of Boudicca, the public lashing she received and the rape of her daughters was a calculated political move on the part of the offending Romans, whose intent was to show the Celts their helplessness against the conquerors. For years Celtic tribes had suffered under roman domination and taxation. They had been driven off their own land and subject to lives as slaves and prisoners. After suffering yet enduring such great offences, Boudicca recruited neighbouring Celtic tribes which without a doubt strongly supported the revolt. Tacitus articulated that even neighbouring tribes which had not yet been cowed by slavery agreed in secret conspiracy to reclaim Celtic freedom. (Annals, 14,31). Cassius Dio, a Roman historian, could not overlook the magnanimity of Boudicca as he romantically depicts her in his literature when he displayed, â€Å"She was huge of frame, terrifying of aspect, and with a harsh voice. A great mass of bright red hair fell to her knees: she wore a twisted Torc, and a tunic of any colours, over which was a thick mantle, festered by a broach. Now she grasped a spear to strike fear into all that watched her†.(www.unc.edu). Without question, Boudicca’s larger than life reputation, courageous persona and frighte ning stance was clearly recognised and depicted strongly in Roman history. Her ability to inspire support from neighbouring tribes in her vengeance in seeking to revolt made her a leader in her own right. Her final speech to her army, retold by Tacitus, displays the motivations of the Celts. Boudicca stated, â€Å"Roman lust has gone so far that not our very person, nor even age or virginity, are left unpolluted†¦ If you weigh well the strength of the armies, and the causes of the war, you will see that this battle you must conquer or die. This is a women’s resolve; as for men, they may live and be slaves, and captive.†(www.unc.edu). Boudicca expresses that she would rather die than let herself and her tribe fall under the control of the Roman Empire. It is articulated that Boudicca saw the battle as life or death and that women will fight to the very end in the name of vengeance. Despite the fragmentary nature of the sources surrounding Boudicca, it is still evid ent that her efforts to build and motivate her army display her impact and inspiring leadership qualities.

Costumer service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Costumer service - Essay Example Researchers have developed different models for quantifying customer service as explained by Kapur (2010). The models are significant since they help the management in identifying problematic areas in quality control. This helps the management to devise strategies to improve on customer service leading to an overall improvement of profitability and performance of the firm (Pang 2007). Most of the models in customer service focus on the concept of service quality gap. If the customer expectations are greater that performance, then the perceived quality is less and the customer is said to be dissatisfied. The current case will take the 4 Gap Model to measure customer service. The 4 Gap Model Research has been conducted in different sectors including banking, telecommunication, repair and maintenance and in insurance concerning the model (Ramsaram- Fowdar 2007). The gap models developed by researches are used to measure the service quality expectations before and after the service. Ther e are five major determinants of service quality in the model are tangibility, reliability, perceptibility, safety and empathy. The use of The 4 Gap model shown below became widespread in the measurement of service quality. The model has received criticism when analyzed from a methodological and conceptual aspect. In spite of this, the model has been used in various researches regarding quality of customer service (Ben-Haim 2006). The basic feature of the model is that it places an emphasis on oversight regarding quality between the customer and the service provider (The Marketing Association of Australia and New Zealand 2011). The

BUSINESS ECONOMICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

BUSINESS ECONOMICS - Essay Example This paper will discuss the concept of elasticity and how a government tax on a product -- in this instance, cigarettes -- can affect the business firm in terms of how much a specific tax on cigarette can be shifted to the buyer and how much has to be absorbed. Price elasticity (Ep) of demand is the ratio of the percentage change in quantity to the percentage change in the price of a product or service, all other things remaining unchanged. Algebraically, this is expressed as follows: where P and Q are the price and quantity, respectively. This formula assumes point elasticity instead of an arc price elasticity for simplicity sake, as our objective of understanding the concept of elasticity can be sufficiently served by this simple assumption. Price elasticity measures how responsive the sales would be in relation to changes in price. Products and services inherently have different price elasticities, so that managerial decisions on expansion or reduction of output would depend to an important degree on how accurate are the determination of such elasticities. At the outset, we may consider the benchmark elasticity = 1 as indicating that a percentage change in price is just equaled by the same percentage change in quantity demanded. Where demand is somewhat less responsive to changes in price, we can say that demand is relatively inelastic -- that is to say, a percentage increase in price triggers a lower percentage change in quantity demanded. Demand is relatively elastic when a change in price causes a larger percentage change in quantity demanded. A vertical demand curve denotes perfectly inelastic demand with an Ep of 0, whereas a perfectly elastic demand would be a horizontal demand curve with an Ep of infinity ( ∠ž). An important elasticity criterion is whether a good is a necessity or a luxury. A necessity has an inelastic or relatively inelastic demand curve. A good that is inessential (or a luxury) has a relatively elastic demand curve;